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Example sentences for: douching
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54) but not douching (OR = 2.2; 95 % CI: 0.68, 7.00) remained strongly associated with colonization.
[ 26 27 28 29 30 ] In addition to diabetes mellitus, a number of VVC risk factors have been identified, including African-American heritage [ 15 16 17 ] , previous history of VVC [ 15 ] , higher education degree, intermediate age, oral contraceptive pills [ 3 10 16 18 ] , use of commercially available solutions for cleansing of external genitalia or vaginal douching, frequent sexual intercourse [ 17 19 10 ] , sexual behavior (age at first intercourse, frequency of oral-genital contact) [ 20 ] , contraception devices (diaphragm, vaginal contraceptive sponge, intrauterine device), and antibiotics [ 3 15 19 ] . Whether these factors increase risk of Candida colonization or symptomatic infection following colonization, or both, is unknown, however, it should be emphasized that a prerequisite for symptomatic vaginitis is vaginal colonization.
Antibiotic use in the past 2 weeks, lifetime history of chlamydia, douching, and report of both performing and receiving oral sex in the last two weeks were strongly associated with Candida colonization, whereas vaginal-penile sex had only a modest and not statistically significant assocation with Candida colonization.
We calculated ORS and 95% CIs for the bivariate analyses using EpiInfo [ 23 ] ; all other analyses and data management were done using SAS [ 24 ] . Several variables strongly associated with Candida colonization had small numbers of missing values, particularly for oral sex (13%) and douching (9%) (others did not exceed 5%).
Douching has also been previously associated with Candida colonization [ 17 19 20 ] . The practice is hypothesized to disrupt vaginal flora; vaginal symptoms may also lead a women to douche so the direction of effect is unclear.
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