Words similar to diarrheal
Example sentences for: diarrheal
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Since human infection with Cryptosporidium parvum was first documented in 1976 [ 1 ] , this protozoan parasite has been recognized worldwide as a major cause of diarrheal disease in humans [ 2 ] . In healthy, immunocompetent persons, C. parvum causes a self-limited diarrheal illness (cryptosporidiosis); however, in persons with severe immunosuppression, particularly those infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and who have developed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the diarrhea can be prolonged, severe, and life-threatening [ 3 4 ] . Currently there are no effective chemotherapeutic agents against cryptosporidiosis [ 5 ] . Cryptosporidium oocysts are found in the feces of infected humans, livestock, and wild animals [ 6 ] . Humans acquire the infection through person-to-person or animal-to-person contact, ingestion of fecally-contaminated water or food, or contact with fecally-contaminated environmental surfaces [ 7 ] .
These signals immediately preceded another sharp increase in citywide diarrheal activity, this time among individuals of all ages (Figure 2).
Cheap oral hydration, for example, has been studied and used to treat dehydration for diarrheal illness in developing countries.
Cryptosporidium oocysts have an ubiquitous geographic distribution and can be detected in most surface drinking water sources [ 8 ] . The oocysts are resistant to environmental degradation [ 9 ] , survive chlorination water treatment, and are too small (4 to 6 microns) to be removed by conventional water filters [ 6 ] . Risk factors for acquiring cryptosporidiosis have been determined primarily in studies of community-wide outbreaks, and drinking water has been implicated as the source of these outbreaks [ 9 10 11 12 13 14 ] . Case-control studies in AIDS patients have also been conducted during outbreaks [ 12 15 ] , but levels of endemic risk in the United States remain uncertain, even though there is great concern for diarrheal disease associated with drinking water in this population [ 16 17 ] . Because defining the risk associated with drinking tap water is particularly important for counseling immunocompromised patients on reducing their risk of cryptosporidiosis, we conducted a case-control study among persons with AIDS in San Francisco to test the hypothesis that the pattern of tap water consumption is associated with the development of endemic cryptosporidiosis.
Laboratory investigation of the citywide increase in diarrheal activity indicated the rotavirus as the most likely causative agent.
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