Words similar to cingulate
Example sentences for: cingulate
How can you use “cingulate” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
Studies of alert monkeys suggest that the effectiveness of alerting produced by a warning signal can be eliminated by drugs that block noradrenaline [ 7 ] . Lesions of the cholinergic system [ 8 ] and of drugs blocking ACh transmission have effects on orienting of visual attention in monkeys [ 9 ] . The executive network involves dopamine rich areas of the prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate.
Studies showing the expression of dopamine receptors in the anterior cingulate cortex [ 26 ] and that activation of mesocortical dopaminergic neurons via apomorphine enhances activity in the prefrontal cortex [ 27 28 ] suggest that dopaminergic modulation influences the efficiency of the executive attention network.
The heritability of the executive network has been observed in other conflict tasks such as the Stroop color-word task [ 39 ] which also activates the cingulate and other frontal areas [ 6 ] . However, the flanker task has an advantage over the Stroop in that it does not involve language and our results show considerably higher heritability.
Executive function tasks activate frontal areas such as the anterior cingulate cortex and lateral prefrontal cortex, an area for which certain anatomical aspects have been shown to be highly heritable [ 23 ] . Recently, we described the Attention Network Test (ANT) that measures the efficiency of these three major neural networks [ 24 ] . The ANT is advantageous for genetic studies, insofar as it distinguishes between separate functions of attention (alerting, orienting and executive) that are correlated with the activation of these specific neuroanatomical circuits.
Imaging studies show that the alerting network depends largely on frontal and parietal areas of the right hemisphere [ 3 4 ] . The orienting network has important involvement of superior and inferior parts of the parietal lobe in conjunction with frontal and subcortical structures related to eye movements [ 5 ] . The executive control network involves frontal areas including the anterior cingulate and lateral prefrontal cortex [ 6 ] .
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