Words similar to chick
Example sentences for: chick
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Similarly, overexpression of Delta proteins, which presumably activate endogenous Notch signaling, prevented retinal cell differentiation in frog and chick [ 20, 24] and formation of the earliest-born neurons in frog and zebrafish [ 25, 26, 27, 28].
is expressed in skeletal muscle, with a less abundant ~7 kb transcript expressed in both skeletal and cardiac muscle [ 8 ] . Whereas tropomodulins or the Arp 2/3 complex cap the pointed end of actin filaments, the barbed end can be capped by CapZ, α, β, and γ adducins as well as gelsolin [ 9 10 11 ] . Control of thin filament length is critical for maintaining proper sarcomere function and length [ 12 ] . Inhibition of Tmod1's capping activity - either by using an antibody to its C-terminal end or by decreasing expression using an antisense Tmod1 transcript - results in elongated thin filaments and decreased cardiac contractility [ 13 14 ] . Tmod1 overexpression in rat cardiomyocytes causes shortening of the thin filaments and sarcomere disorganization, resulting in myofibril degeneration [ 14 ] . Likewise, mice overexpressing TMOD1 in the heart show disrupted sarcomere organization with shortened thin filaments, leading to myofibril degeneration and dilated cardiomyopathy [ 15 ] . Recently, Littlefield and colleagues showed that overexpression of GFP-Tmod1 in chick cardiac myocytes results in shortening of thin filaments; the authors proposed that excess Tmod1 decreases the affinity between actin monomers and pointed ends, leading to monomer dissociation and filament shortening [ 42 ] . Mutations in many proteins making up the cardiac sarcomere have been shown to cause cardiac hypertrophy [ 16 17 18 19 ] :mutations in the TPM1 gene, for example, cause type 3 familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (CMH3), and a transgenic mouse expressing a CMH3 mutation develops ventricular myocyte disarray and hypertrophy [ 20 ] . Mutations in myosin heavy chain 7 are estimated to account for 40-50% of the cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [ 21 ] .
Antibodies that recognize chick PN-1 are not available and thus this protease inhibitor was localized using mouse embryonic tissue at developmental times corresponding to the chick stages 21-29.
Similarly, expression of dominant negative Delta proteins caused formation of excess early-born neurons in the retina of frog [ 24] and chick [ 20] and in the neural plate of frog [ 25] and zebrafish [ 26, 27, 28], concomitant with decreased cell proliferation [ 20] and reduced numbers of late-born neurons [ 28].
Critics find Waiting to Exhale director Forest Whitaker's latest chick flick guilty of the genre's worst defects: tear-jerking melodrama, shots of little girls with stuffed animals, and the "emotional range of a sympathy card" (Roger Ebert, the Chicago Sun-Times ). Some predict that Sandra Bullock's performance--as a prom queen who returns to her hometown after her husband cheats on her--will only deepen her midcareer funk.
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