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Example sentences for: caveolin-
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Patients with autosomal dominant limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 1C, caused by mutations in caveolin-3 [ 19, 20], or autosomal recessive LGMD2B, caused by mutations in dysferlin, show normal dystrophin and sarcoglycan-sarcospan complex staining patterns [ 21].
These microdomains recruit an impressively large number of cellular proteins and regulatory molecules such as Rho, profilin, actin, caveolin-1, CD44, and phosphotidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate (PIP2), and have been shown to be important in a variety of cellular functions in health and disease [ 27 28 29 ] . Recently, a number of pathogens have been shown to hijack these sites for their entry, exit, and assembly; such agents include many RNA viruses such as HIV, measles virus, influenza virus, and RSV [ 29 30 31 32 33 ] . In a very recent study [ 34 ] , filamentous RSV was confirmed to exit through membrane microdomains, and immunological analysis placed RSV proteins F, N, and P at these sites.
A similar vascular hyper-responsiveness has been noted in caveolin-1 knock-out mice [ 25 26 ] raising the possibility that the accumulation of Gb 3 results in over-activity of uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase within endothelial cell caveolae generating superoxide and other reactive oxygen species [ 27 ] . The latter may have a vasodilatatory effect [ 28 ] . Predominance of vascular abnormalities in the vertebro-basilar system in Fabry disease suggests fundamental biologic differences between the anterior and the posterior circulation.
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