Words similar to capping
Example sentences for: capping
How can you use “capping” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
This is not a straw-man issue, given that S. cerevisiae encodes two homologous RNA triphosphatases (Cet1 and Cth1), of which only Cet1 is essential for capping and cell viability [ 8 15 ] . We use classical genetic approaches to show that the respective genes encoding RNA triphosphatase and RNA guanylyltransferase are essential in S. pombe.
This brings me back to my proposed constitutional amendment: capping individual taxes and tying the cap to the average tax bill.
To address these issues, we have characterized the RNA triphosphatases of two other fungi, including the human pathogen Candida albicans and the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe [ 10 11 12 ] . The fungal triphosphatases, S. cerevisiae Cet1, C. albicans CaCet1 and S. pombe Pct1, belong to a new family of metal-dependent phosphohydrolases that embraces the triphosphatase components of DNA virus and protozoan mRNA capping systems [ 1 7 13 14 ] . The defining features of the metal-dependent RNA triphosphatases are two glutamate-containing motifs that are required for catalysis and comprise the metal-binding site in the crystal structure of S. cerevisiae Cet1.
is expressed in skeletal muscle, with a less abundant ~7 kb transcript expressed in both skeletal and cardiac muscle [ 8 ] . Whereas tropomodulins or the Arp 2/3 complex cap the pointed end of actin filaments, the barbed end can be capped by CapZ, α, β, and γ adducins as well as gelsolin [ 9 10 11 ] . Control of thin filament length is critical for maintaining proper sarcomere function and length [ 12 ] . Inhibition of Tmod1's capping activity - either by using an antibody to its C-terminal end or by decreasing expression using an antisense Tmod1 transcript - results in elongated thin filaments and decreased cardiac contractility [ 13 14 ] . Tmod1 overexpression in rat cardiomyocytes causes shortening of the thin filaments and sarcomere disorganization, resulting in myofibril degeneration [ 14 ] . Likewise, mice overexpressing TMOD1 in the heart show disrupted sarcomere organization with shortened thin filaments, leading to myofibril degeneration and dilated cardiomyopathy [ 15 ] . Recently, Littlefield and colleagues showed that overexpression of GFP-Tmod1 in chick cardiac myocytes results in shortening of thin filaments; the authors proposed that excess Tmod1 decreases the affinity between actin monomers and pointed ends, leading to monomer dissociation and filament shortening [ 42 ] . Mutations in many proteins making up the cardiac sarcomere have been shown to cause cardiac hypertrophy [ 16 17 18 19 ] :mutations in the TPM1 gene, for example, cause type 3 familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (CMH3), and a transgenic mouse expressing a CMH3 mutation develops ventricular myocyte disarray and hypertrophy [ 20 ] . Mutations in myosin heavy chain 7 are estimated to account for 40-50% of the cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [ 21 ] .
Although the three capping reactions are universal in eukaryotes, there is a surprising diversity in the genetic organization of the capping enzymes as well as a complete divergence in the structure and catalytic mechanism of the RNA triphosphatase component in "lower" versus "higher" eukaryotic species [ 1 ] . Metazoans and plants have a two-component capping system consisting of a bifunctional triphosphatase-guanylyltransferase polypeptide and a separate methyltransferase polypeptide, whereas fungi contain a three-component system consisting of separate triphosphatase, guanylyltransferase, and methyltransferase gene products.
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