Words similar to bmal
Example sentences for: bmal
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At least 90 genes are regulated in a similar fashion by NPAS2:BMAL1 [ 37 ] and the identity of the target genes critical for the NREMS phenotype in cry1,2 -/- mice remains to be determined.
We assume that the effects on sleep we observed in cry1 , 2 -/-mice are a result of a lack of cryptochrome -dependent inhibition of the transcriptional activation provided by the bHLH-PAS heterodimers CLOCK:BMAL1 and NPAS2:BMAL1 [ 19 20 37 ] , although cryptochromes also play a role in stabilizing and nuclear sequestration of PER proteins [ 38 ] , and in photoreception [ 39 ] . Lack of cryptochromes results in increased mRNA levels of CLOCK/NPAS2:BMAL1 target genes, including the circadian genes per1 and per2 [ 20 23 ] . The expression of these two genes is viewed as a state variable of the molecular circadian clock or a marker of CLOCK/NPAS2:BMAL1-induced transcription, although at least per1 transcription can also be (rapidly) induced by light [ 40 41 ] , through a CREB-dependent signaling pathway [ 42 43 44 ] . The observation of high brain levels of per1,2 transcripts under baseline conditions in cry1,2 -/-mice raises the possibility that these or other CLOCK/NPAS2:BMAL1 target genes are involved in the homeostatic regulation of sleep.
In mammals, the positive elements are two basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) PAS-domain-containing transcription factors, CLOCK and BMAL1, that form heterodimers that can drive the transcription of three period ( per ) genes per1-3 and two cryptochromes ( cry1,2 ). PER1,2 and CRY1,2 proteins suppress CLOCK:BMAL1-mediated transcription thereby forming the negative elements in the feedback loop.
The high per levels in cry1,2 -/-mice and the low per levels in clock mutant mice [ 26 47 ] correlate with their contrasting sleep phenotype (see above; [ 34 ] ). In this context, the sleep abnormalities in dbp -/-mice might also be related to a reduction in per expression since, at least in vitro , DBP can amplify the CLOCK:BMAL1-induced transcription of per [ 48 ] , but it is not known whether per transcript levels are altered in dbp -/-mice.
For five other targets ( bmal1 , clock , npas2 , per3 , and csnk1e ), expression was quantified in the cortex only.
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