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Example sentences for: atcop
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This speculation would be consistent with the fact that the subcellular localization of AtCOP1 is regulated by light only in certain types of plant cells [ 14 ] . Furthermore, the protein fragments responsible for regulating subcellular localization of AtCOP1 are quite conserved in MmCOP1, which may explain why the mammalian COP1, when expressed in onion epidermal cells, can be regulated by light in a similar manner as AtCOP1 [ 20 ] . However, the same nuclear translocation signal of AtCOP1 has been used in all plant cell types examined [ 17 19 ] , which argue against the later hypothesis.
Because of its role in mediating the degradation of HY5, HYH, and possibly other transcription factors in Arabidopsis [ 4 5 ] and the presence of a RING finger domain and a WD-40 domain, AtCOP1 has been proposed to function as a RING-finger type ubiquitination E3 ligase, by recruiting E2 through its RING-finger domain and binding to the substrates through the WD-40 repeats [ 4 43 ] . This hypothesis is also supported by the findings about other negative regulators of plant photomorphogenesis.
In contrast, the AtCOP1 NLS has been identified as a classic bipartite nuclear localization signal, consisting of 21 amino acids in the intermediate region of coiled-coil domain and the WD-40 domain [ [ 17 ] ; Fig 8].
A partial cDNA clone homologous to AtCOP1 has been previously identified in mammals, containing all three conserved protein-protein interaction domains [ 20 ] . Remarkably, when expressed in plant cells, the mammalian COP1-reporter fusion protein exhibited a light-regulated nuclear localization pattern similar to AtCOP1 [ 20 ] . Although mammalian COP1 failed to rescue the Arabidopsis cop1 mutants, over-expression of the amino-terminal half of mammalian COP1 in Arabidopsis caused a dominant-negative phenotype, resembling the effect of over-expressing the corresponding fragment of AtCOP1 [ 20 21 ] .
Comparison of the subcellular localization signals uncovers clear distinctions between AtCOP1 and MmCOP1.
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