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Example sentences for: arthropod
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Beyond that, low bootstrap values prohibit a confident assessment of evolutionary branching order of the arthropod Runx paralogues, and it is not clear whether they are monophyletic (although the position of the crayfish gene suggests a deep duplication event within in the insect/crustacean clade at least).
As stringency increased, 40-83% of proteins were rejected, and the relative nematode branch length (to the arthropod and vertebrate branches) dropped from 16% to 0%.
The neurotoxin P2 (35 ammo acids), another short toxin and a structural homologue of short insectotoxin II and 15, shows toxicity towards Sarcophaga falculata and crustaceans [ 26 ] . Chlorotoxin, isolated from Leiurus quinquestriatus haebraeus, shows Cl -channel-blocking activity and causes paralysis due to the inhibition of structurally related anion channels such as the extrajunctional channels of arthropod muscles [ 11 ] . It has also been reported that the short insectotoxin I5A may act on a "glutamate receptor of the postsynaptic membrane" [ 22 ] . Although no specific experimental evidence is available on the mode of action of ButaIT, it is assumed that ButaIT exerts similar ion channel blocking activity as that of other short insect toxins.
The simplest explanation of such a gene distribution is that possession of a single Runx gene is the primitive condition for bilaterians, i.e., that the multiplicity of Runx genes in the vertebrate and arthropod lineages resulted from independent gene duplications within those respective lineages.
arthropods - arthropod, arthritis, arthritides, orthodox, arthritic
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