Words similar to arsenate
Example sentences for: arsenate
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Recent ideas on the origin of life suggest that early cellular structures were abiotic iron-sulfur formations at submarine hydrothermal vents in the Hadean ocean, in which basic biochemical and metabolic processes could have developed before the formation of cell membranes [ 39 40 ] . As well as iron and sulfur, hydrothermal areas are often are often characterized by high levels of arsenic [ 41 ] and may even contain arsenic redox active microbial communities [ 42 ] . Given the integral role of phosphate in early (and current) cellular metabolism [ 39 ] , an ability to reduce the levels of arsenate (a phosphate analog) might have been an essential biochemical process.
The only exception is the arsC found on the pKW301 plasmid of A. multivorum , which shows high sequence similarity to the plasmid-borne arsC sequences found in the Enterobacteriales, strongly suggesting relatively recent plasmid transfer between a member of this group and A. multivorum . Indeed, the ars operon found in A. multivorum is expressed and confers arsenate resistance when transferred to E. coli [ 21 ] . Three other types of plasmid-borne arsC genes are found in R. solanacearum , Clostridium acetobutylicum , and Halobacterium halobium , demonstrating that plasmid-borne arsC genes are phylogenetically widespread and suggesting multiple incidences of chromosomal-plasmid transfer.
those sequences that were identified in studies that explicitly tested arsenate reduction and/or resistance in that given organism), and putative arsC genes (i.e.
The arsC sequence of C. acetobutylicum is typical of the clostridial arsC genes, and also shows some similarity to the arsenate reductase sequence in L. interrogans (a Spirochete).
In the latter case, early HGT event(s) must have transferred arsenate resistance to the other domain, followed by subsequent divergence to the phylogeny seen today.
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