Words similar to immunosuppression
Example sentences for: immunosuppression
How can you use “immunosuppression” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
New drug regimens capable of inducing tolerance to the transplanted islets would allow recipients to maintain their grafts without general immunosuppression and its associated toxicities.
COX-2 is an inducible enzyme upregulated in inflammatory states [ 20 21 ] . Notably, many NSCLC and what have been characterized as "premalignant" lung lesions have been shown to constitutively express the COX-2 enzyme and produce prostaglandin E-2 (PGE-2), the primary product of the COX-2 pathway [ 22 23 24 25 26 ] . Importantly, PGE-2 production by tumor cells has been linked to tumor-induced immunosuppression in NSCLC [ 2 3 4 5 ] . PGE-2 has been shown to directly suppress T cell mediated immunity, the primary effector against tumor cells, at a variety of levels [ 2 3 4 5 6 7 ] . Further, PGE-2 has been shown to induce the IL10 in mononuclear cells [ 4 5 ] . IL10 is a prominent immunosuppressive cytokine that may have a dominant role in preventing innate antitumor responses in the NSCLC environment [ 2 3 4 5 ] , [ 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 ] . Among myriad suppressive effects on T cells and antigen presenting cells, IL10 is known to inhibit IL12 production [ 14 15 16 17 18 ] . IL12 plays a key role in the initiation and potentiation of cellular immune responses and alteration of the IL12 producing function in circulating mononuclear phagocytes may be a critical factor in suppressed T cell immunity to NSCLC [ 27 28 ] .
In later stages of tumorigenesis, TGFβ can act as a stimulator of invasion and metastasis [ 3 ] acting directly on the tumor cells or inducing angiogenesis and facilitating local and systemic immunosuppression, respectively [ 4 ] . For example, TGFβ may stimulate the expression of proteases such as uPA, MMP-3 or MMP-9, enzymes frequently overexpressed in invasive tumor cells [ 5 6 ] .
HIV-infected individuals are highly susceptible to contracting tuberculous infection and are prone to rapid evolution of active disease [ 10 ] . The rate of tuberculosis is high in African Americans and in injection drug users [ 11 ] . Although the prevalence of a positive AFB smear in patients with pulmonary MTB is approximately the same in HIV-infected and noninfected individuals, it may decline in advanced HIV-mediated immunosuppression [ 12 ] . A previous study of 133 HIV-infected adults with pulmonary MTB showed 14% of them had a normal chest radiograph [ 13 ] .
Evidence has been accumulated that TGFβ promotes late-stage tumorigenesis by stimulating angiogenesis and invasive behaviour of tumor cells, enhancing immunosuppression and supporting epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cancer cells [ 4 ] . Furthermore, TGFβ is believed to be part of a vicious circle in bone metastases as it gets released from osteoclast-degraded bone substance and subsequently stimulates PTHrP gene expression in nearby metastatic cancer cells which in turn leads to an activation of osteoclastic bone resorption [ 11 ] . Therefore, it is of great interest to understand in more detail the molecular aspects of TGFβ-mediated gene expression in metastatic breast cancer cells and to explore ways to interfere with this tumorigenic signalling.
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